Sal rosa do Himalaia: determinação do teor de iodo, pesquisa de corantes e avaliação da rotulagem / Himalayan pink salt: iodine, colorants research and labeling evaluation

Introdução: O sal rosa do Himalaia tem se destacado no mercado brasileiro por sua coloração atrativa, além dos apelos ao consumidor que o destacam como um produto "mais natural" e com grande diversidade de minerais por ser um sal de rocha. O teor de iodo no sal rosa consumido no país ainda é pouco discutido, mas vital para manter sob controle os distúrbios por deficiência de iodo (DDI).  Objetivo: Avaliar amostras de sal rosa do Himalaia quanto aos teores de iodo, à presença de corantes e à rotulagem. Método: Foram analisadas 71 amostras em 13 cidades do estado de São Paulo para determinação de iodo adicionado na forma de iodato, prova qualitativa para corantes artificiais e avaliação da rotulagem com base na legislação brasileira. Resultados: Um elevado índice de  insatisfatoriedade dos teores de iodo foi encontrado (56%) e um percentual ainda maior nos sais comercializados a granel (74%). Verificou-se que, dentre as amostras insatisfatórias, o maior percentual de inadequação (28%) foi a ausência de iodo, colocando a população consumidora deste produto em risco para as DDI. A irregularidade de rotulagem mais encontrada foi a ausência da declaração da adição de iodo (46%), com contradições entre a declaração no rótulo e a efetiva presença avaliada analiticamente. Foram verificadas expressões de qualidade não previstas (27%) ou superlativas (14%), assim como alegações não comprovadas por estudos científicos, como a redução de 60% de sódio e a presença de 84 minerais. Nenhuma amostra apresentou adição de corante. Conclusões: O sal rosa do Himalaia analisado apresentou irregularidades importantes para a saúde da população, em especial quanto ao teor de iodo, mas também não conformidades de rotulagem que comprometem o acesso à informação correta sobre o produto.

Introduction: Himalayan pink salt has stood out in the Brazilian market for its attractive colors, in addition to appeals to the consumer that highlight it as a "more natural" product and with a great diversity of minerals as it is a rock salt. The iodine content in pink salt consumed in the country is still little discussed, but vital to keep Iodine Deficiency Disorders (DDIs) under control. Objective: Evaluate Himalayan pink salt samples for iodine contents, presence of artificial colorants and labeling. Method: Seventy-one samples from thirteen cities of the São Paulo State were analyzed for determination of iodine added as iodate, qualitative testing colorants, and labeling evaluation based on Brazilian legislation. Results: A high rate of unsatisfactory iodine content was found (56%), even higher in salts sold in bulk (74%). It was found that among the unsatisfactory samples, the highest percentage of inadequacy (28%) was the absence of iodine, exposing the consumers of this product at risk for DDIs. The most frequent labeling irregularity was the absence of iodine declaration (46%), with contradictions between label declaration and effective presence evaluated analytically. Unforeseen (27%) or superlative (14%) quality expressions were verified, as well as claims not supported by scientific studies, such as 60% reduction in sodium and presence of 84 minerals. No sample showed colorants addition. Conclusions: Himalayan pink salt samples analyzed showed important irregularities for health of the population, especially regarding the iodine content, but also labeling inaccuracies that compromise access to correct information about the product.

Analysis of iodinated quorum sensing peptides by LC–UV/ESI ion trap mass spectrometry / 药物分析学报

Five different quorum sensing peptides (QSP) were iodinated using different iodination techniques. These iodinated peptides were analyzed using a C18 reversed phase HPLC system, applying a linear gradient of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1% (m/v) formic acid as mobile phase. Electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometry was used for the identification of the modified peptides, while semi-quan-tification was performed using total ion current (TIC) spectra. Non-iodinated peptides and mono-and di-iodinated peptides (NIP, MIP and DIP respectively) were well separated and eluted in that order. De-pending on the used iodination method, iodination yields varied from low (2%) to high (57%).

A comparitive study on iodination of normal and diabetic serum.

It is a well known fact that iodine is a very important trace element for normal growth and metabolism. Iodination of biomolecules has many important functions in the field of research, assay procedures, investigation and diagnosis of diseases. The present study is done to compare the iodine uptake by the serum of diabetes mellitus cases and healthy controls. Methods: The study was carried out on 50 cases of known diabetes mellitus with mean fasting blood glucose level of 324 mg/dl and 25 healthy controls with mean fasting blood glucose level of 78 mg/dl. The modified version of the colorimetric method was employed for the assay of iodine uptake. The data’s were analyzed using SPSS version 10. Results: Serum total iodine uptake was decreased significantly in cases as compared to healthy controls (p <0.01). Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that there is decreased iodine uptake by diabetic serum. The cause for decreased iodine uptake may be related to high blood sugar level which possibly may be causing some alteration in the structure of biomolecules by glycation leading to decrease in the binding sites of iodine.

Stability and toxicity of Clostridium perfringens type D epsilon prototoxin treated by iodine / Estabilidade e toxicidade da protoxina epsilon de Clostridium perfringens tipo D

Purified epsilon prototoxin of Clostridium perfringens type D was produced, purified, and detoxified by the stoiechiometric method of non-radioactive iodine incorporation. Different degrees of iodination were perfomed and the toxicity of the derivatives were analysed by in vivo studies. Toxicity decreased inversely to the iodine incorporation. Eletrophoretic analysis showed different levels of stability of samples kept under different temperatures 4ºC, - 20ºC, and -80 ºC. The iodinated prototoxins were stocked for a period of four months.

A prototoxina epsílon de Clostridium perfringens tipo D foi produzida, purificada e destoxificada por estoiquiometria. Diferentes quantidades de iodo foram incorporadas à estrutura protéica da prototoxina e a toxicidade dos derivados foi analisada em estudos in vivo. Verificou-se que a toxicidade diminuiu à medida que os átomos de iodo foram incorporados à prototoxina. A análise eletroforética demonstrou a estabilidade das amostras quando armazenadas a 4ºC, -20ºC e -80ºC. A prototoxina iodada foi estocada por um período de quatro meses.

Perfil clínico e imunológico de bovinos experimentalmente inoculados com veneno bruto e iodado de Bothrops alternatus / Clinical and immunological characteristics in cattle experimentally inoculated with crude and iodinated Bothrops alternatus venom

Dez novilhas mestiças, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais (n=5) receberam na altura média da face cranial do membro anterior direito, entre as articulações umerorradioulnar e do carpo, por via intramuscular superficial, 0,15mg/kg de veneno de Bothrops alternatus bruto ou iodado. Todos os animais foram avaliados clinicamente antes - tempo zero - e às 6 e 10h, no 2º, 3º, 4º, 5º, 8º, 11º, 18º e 25º dias após a inoculação dos venenos. Dois animais do grupo que recebeu veneno bruto foram a óbito às 53h e 78h e os sobreviventes apresentaram apatia, letargia, anorexia, postura indicativa de dor, melena, petéquias e sufusões nas mucosas, aumento do tempo de preenchimento capilar, enfartamento ganglionar regional, aumento das freqüências respiratória e cardíaca, redução da freqüência de pulsação arterial periférica, elevação da temperatura retal e diminuição da movimentação ruminal. No local da inoculação do veneno bruto houve sangramento e ulceração dérmica, além de aumento significativo na circunferência e dobra da pele do membro inoculado, revelando formação de edema. Todos os animais também foram avaliados imunologicamente no 17º, 24º, 31º, 45º, 60º e 180º dia. Somente os que receberam veneno bruto produziram anticorpos, detectados até o 45º dia. Os que receberam veneno botrópico iodado apresentaram alterações gerais e locais de menor intensidade, porém sem produção de IgG nos tempos pesquisados, demonstrando que a iodação alterou a composição bioquímica do veneno, diminuindo sua toxicidade e imunogenicidade.

The effects of bothropic envenomation in 10 crossbred heifers, randomly divided into two groups, that received 0.15mg/kg of body weight of Bothrops alternatus crude or iodinated venom were studied. Behavior; attitude; appetite; defecation; urination; mucous membranes; capillary perfusion time; lymph nodes; respiratory, cardiac and pulse frequencies; rectal temperature and rumination frequency diameter and skin fold of the foreleg on the inoculation site were observed before(zero time) and at 6 and 10h and on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 8th, 11th, 18th and 25th day after venom inoculation. Two cattle of Bothrops crude venom group, died at 53 and 78h and the surviving animals showed apathy, lethargy, anorexia, pain indicative attitudes, melena, hemorrhagic spots and suffusions on mucous membranes, increased capillary perfusion time, enlarged regional lymph nodes, increased respiratory and cardiac frequencies, decreased peripheric arterial pulse frequency, elevated rectal temperature and decreased of ruminal movements. Bleeding, necrotic point and increase (P< 0.05) diameter and skin fold of the foreleg were identified on the inoculated site, confirming local edema. All the animals were evaluated for Bothrops alternatus venom specific IgG on the 17th, 24th, 31st, 45th, 60th and 180th day. Only the animals receiving crude venom produced IgG specific until the 45th day. The animals inoculated with iodinated venom showed general alterations and minor local effects and did not produce specific IgG, indicating that the iodination decreased both toxicity and immunogenicity response.

Practical considerations in analyzing radioreceptor assays by Scatchard analysis and capacity determination in irreversible hormone receptor interactions.

The Scatchard plot in a radioreceptor assay depends upon the definition of specific binding and the quality of the iodinated hormone used. Iodination of protein hormones may alter it so that it no longer binds to the receptor and methods are available to measure the extent of this inactivation. When appropriate corrections are made for specific binding and the amount of inactive iodinated hormone in an assay, both qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in estimates of binding capacity and affinity in some well characterised hormone receptor systems. Theoretical predictions derived from Scatchard analysis of irreversible unimolecular hormone-receptor interactions were applicable, both qualitatively and quantitatively to two irreversible hormone-receptor systems. A method described permits a more accurate estimate of capacity from radioreceptor assay data.

Bacitracin A: Structure-activity relationship.

The single imidazole nucleus of L-histidine residue in bacitracin-A seems to be important for the anti-bacterial activity of the molecule, since iodination, carboxymethylation and coupling of diazobenzene sulphonic acid to the histidine residue in the antibiotic caused 90-94% loss of antibacterial activity of the antibiotic. In contrast, the bacitracin sulphone and sulphoxide derivatives are as active as the parent antibiotic.